Among the tested systems, the one using a 54/46 ( v/ v) Span 80/Tween 80 mixture, and subjected to 12 high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) cycles, revealed to be stable up to 6 months, being chosen for the subsequent functionalization tests with cinnamon extract (1.25–5% w/ v water-basis). Firstly, a base W/O emulsion using a high-water content (40/60, v/ v) was developed by testing different mixtures of emulsifiers, namely Tween 80 combined with Span 80 or Span 85 at different contents. In this context, this work aimed to produce stable W/O emulsions from a natural oil, sweet almond oil, to be further tested as vehicles of natural hydrophilic extracts, here exemplified with an aqueous cinnamon extract. In general, they are less studied than oil-in-water (O/W) systems, namely in what concerns the so-called fluid systems, partly due to problems of instability. Commercialized software which have the ability to consider emulsion in calculations are PIPESIM, OLGA, etc.Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions have high potential for several industrial areas as delivery systems of hydrophilic compounds. Hence, it is crucial to consider emulsion if it is foreseen to be an issue. The high pressure drop results in high export pressure, in which the wells may not have sufficient pressure to push the fluid to the desired receiving platform. Some of the proven correlations available are Woelfin, Rønningsen, Pal & Rhodes, and etc.įigure 2: Pressure Drop against Water Volume FractionĪs shown in Figure 2, the calculated pressure drop of a pipeline considering emulsion can be as high as 7 times (21 bar vs 3 bar). Besides laboratory data, the software contains correlations to predict the emulsion viscosity. The most accurate way is to allow the software to calculate the pressure based on emulsion viscosity obtained via laboratory study. With the aid of software, a flow assurance engineer will be able to determine the operating envelope of the transporting pipeline. The stability of emulsion can be affected by various factors, such as water volume fraction, temperature etc. The phase inversion point depends on fluid sample and is different for each production fluids.įigure 1: Fluid Relative Viscosity against Water Volume Fraction Figure 1 illustrates the effect of water volume fraction on viscosity. After this phase inversion point, viscosity of the fluid reduces with increasing water volume fraction. Phase inversion is the point where water becomes the continuous phase and oil is dispersed in it. Theoretically, viscosity of the fluid increases when water volume fraction increases until phase inversion point. The following types of emulsions are usually found in transporting pipeline: Since pipeline pressure calculation is one of the principal aspects of the pipeline design, it is crucial to consider the possibility of emulsion formation using hydraulic and flow assurance studies.Įmulsion occurs when one type of liquid is dispersed as droplets in the other continuous phase of immiscible liquid. This is a costly problem to oil production companies, as it causes production loss and decline in revenue. Failure to predict fluid viscosity and pressure drop accurately may lead to the under sizing of a subsea pipeline. The major impact due to formation of stable emulsion is the increase in fluid viscosity, which can cause a high pressure drop in the pipeline. The immiscible mixtures of oil and water in the pipeline may result in the formation of emulsion.
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